According to the International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, the main differences that separate narrow and broad-spectrum drugs from each other are that “narrow-spectrum antibiotics are active against a select group of bacterial types. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are active against a wider number of bacterial types and, thus, may be used to treat a variety of infectious diseases” (ISAC, 2021). Broad-spectrum antibiotics tend to be our tried and true methods that most providers tend to turn towards. In short, this means that broad-spectrum antibiotics are more versatile when it comes to treating multi-infections or different strains of bacteria. Some broad-spectrum antibiotics are things like doxycycline, amoxicillin, and ampicillin. On the other hand, you have narrow-spectrum drugs that are only active against specified strains of bacteria. More specifically, narrow-spectrum antibiotics can fight against either gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria but not both at the same time. While broad-spectrum can cover both gram-negative and gram-positive at once.
Although broad-spectrum antibiotics are effective and useful, there’s a hidden truth behind why narrow-spectrum antibiotics have some slight advantage This is because broad-spectrum antibiotics can even wipe out your healthy normal flora or bacteria in the body. In addition, using a narrow spectrum assists in decreasing the probability of creating antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Using broad-spectrum antibiotics carelessly like when they’re not needed is the main reason why we have some of these superbugs today.
Citations
International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. (2021). Alliance for the prudent use of
Value: 100 points
Due: In an effort to facilitate scholarly discourse, create your initial post by Day 3, and reply to at least two of your classmates, on two separate days, by Day 7.
Grading Category: Discussions
Introduction
In this week’s discussion, you get to be the instructor! Your job is to teach your peers about an infection or immunity topic. As you are
presenting your information, think about the most important aspect of your topic and how you can be the expert for your peers. Your post should be limited to 500 words or less and comprehensively address the question posed. Be creative! Use visual aids, diagrams, etc. to help your peers learn. You should have some type of teaching or visual aid in addition to your text response to the question.
Initial Post
It is understood that thoughtful responses to your topic question will take some time and thought. Please organize your thoughts before creating your initial post.
This week you are responsible for answering one question from your team’s question set, as assigned in the Announcements section of this course.
By Day 3, post your initial response for your assigned question by answering the question comprehensively and sharing a unique teaching tool or visual aid with your peers. Post your initial response as a reply to the appropriate thread. Your post should be limited to 500 words or less and, in addition to your text and course materials, use evidence based, peer-reviewed journals that have been published within the past three to five years.
Important information for writing discussion questions and participation
Welcome to class
Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to
I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.
Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.
If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.
Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.
Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.
I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!
Hi Class,
Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.
Contact me if you have any questions.
Important information on Writing a Discussion Question
- Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
- There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
- Include in-text citations in your response
- Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
- Follow APA-7th edition
- Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor
- A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
- Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
- Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
- Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
- Follow APA 7th edition
- Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
- Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
- Here are some helpful links
- The is a great resource
Team A: Normal Immune Response
- Compare active natural immunity and passive artificial immunity, describing the causative mechanism and giving an example.
- Predict three reasons why the immune system might not respond correctly to foreign material in the body. What can happen when this occurs?
- What is the purpose of a booster vaccination? Give an example and how an allergic reaction might occur in this situation.
- Describe the purpose of gamma globulins. Will this affect an individual who receives massive transfusions? Why or why not?
- Explain the purpose of including allergies in a health history. Why is it important to update at every visit?
- Predict why a person usually has chickenpox only once in a lifetime but may have influenza many times. How would you describe this to a patient’s mother who is hesitant to receive a varicella vaccine? What about to an elderly patient hesitant to receive an influenza vaccine?
- Explain why a newborn infant is protected from infection by the measles virus immediately after birth but later will be given the measles vaccine. How does this relate to prenatal care?
Team B: Abnormal Immune Response
- Explain the process by which an attack of hay fever follows exposure to pollen. How do treatments for hay fever relate to this process?
- Explain why anaphylaxis is considered life threatening and describe the mechanism in which anaphylaxis occurs. How does treatment for anaphylaxis relate to this process?
- Differentiate between a diagnosis of being HIV+ and a diagnosis of having AIDS. How might you explain this to a patient?
- Describe the pathophysiology of a type III hypersensitivity reaction. Give an example and describe possible treatment options.
- Identify one autoimmune disease and explain how the causative mechanism differs from a normal defense.
- Why are opportunistic infections common with AIDS? Give two examples and why these are less common in immunocompetent patients?
- State three methods of transmitting HIV and three methods by which the virus is not transmitted. How would you explain this an adolescent?
Team C: Infection
- Explain why a person whose blood test shows an abnormally low leukocyte count should be given an antimicrobial drug before a tooth extraction. Give one example of a condition where this prophylaxis would be indicated.
- Explain how routine laboratory tests might not show the presence of mycoplasma, rickettsia, or protozoans in the body. How are these microbes best detected?
- Compare the prodromal period with the acute period of infection, using your own experience as an example (perhaps the last time you had a cold).
- List three local signs of infection and three systemic signs; explain what is causing these signs. Are these objective or subjective findings?
- Describe two mechanisms by which antibacterial drugs act on microorganisms. Explain the benefit of narrow-spectrum over broad-spectrum drugs.
- Explain why secondary bacterial infection is common in persons with influenza. Which secondary infections are most common?
Replies
Review all of your peers’ posts, as they will help you prepare for the quiz this week. Select posts from two peers that addressed a question from a different team than you. For example, Students from Team A reply to one post from Team B and one post from Team C. Each reply must use at least one scholarly reference other than your text.
Thinking about your certification track and anticipated practice area:
- Describe a patient you might encounter where you could apply the information learned in your peer’s post.
- What “signs” and “symptoms” would you expect this patient to exhibit? Identify at least four signs and/or symptoms, describe the findings, and classify each as subjective or objective data.
Please refer to the for details on how this activity will be graded. The described expectations meet the passing level of 80%. Students are directed to review the Discussion Grading Rubric for criteria which exceed expectations.
Posting to the Discussion Forum
- Select the appropriate Team thread.
- Follow the Posting to the Discussion Forum instructions on the discussion thread page.
When the baby is inside of the womb it collects antibodies from the mother through the placenta and that’s where the baby gets most of its nutrients as protection from viruses as well and can last up until they are a year old. During the last three months of pregnancy, the mother’s antibodies get transferred to the baby through the placenta. Due to the fact that the newborn has received antibodies from the mother and not accumulating it on their own it is known as passive immunity. Antibodies are proteins that are produced by the immune system which triggers the body’s defense to aid against germs and viruses. According to an article I read I found it to be important and beneficial that vaccinating the mother before her pregnancy will help boost the immunity and T cells. During prenatal care for those at low risk, one recorded dose of MMR vaccination is adequate (including pregnant women). To prove protection in those who are at high risk of getting measles, a documented history of two past MMR vaccination doses is required. Newborns are unable to receive the vaccine of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) until the age of 2 months old (Albrecht, 2020).
Types of Immunity
Active Immunity
– Natural- Infection
– Artificial- Vaccination
Passive Immunity
– Natural- Maternal Antibodies
– Artificial- Monoclonal Antibodies
The MMR vaccine schedule for newborns are as follows below:
MMR Vaccine
– first dose given at 12 months of age- Second dose given at 4-6 years of age.
References
Albrecht M, Arck PC. Vertically Transferred Immunity in Neonates: Mothers, Mechanisms and Mediators. Front Immunol. 2020 Mar 31;11:555. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00555. PMID: 32296443; PMCID: PMC7136470.
Your baby’s vaccinations. Home. (n.d.). Retrieved September 14, 2021, from https://www.marchofdimes.org/baby/your-babys-vaccinations.aspx.
- State three methods of transmitting HIV and three methods by which the virus is not transmitted. How would you explain this to an adolescent?
The human immunodeficiency virus is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system within the body, specifically T-cells (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2020). If HIV is left untreated it can turn into AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The virus attaches to a T-cell, which is a little messenger that alerts your body’s immune system to fight an infection (VanMeter, & Hubert, 2018). It’s like a robber breaking into your parent’s house, but the alarm goes off, alerting the cops to the break-in so they can show up and take the bad guys away
The difference between the virus’s attraction to the T-cells and the burglars to your parent’s house, is the T-cell acts sort of like a magnet, inviting the virus into the cell. This is where the virus is transcribed into a DNA provirus (VanMeter & Hubert, 2018). Basically, the viral DNA glues itself to the host cell’s DNA and begins to duplicate until the T-cell is destroyed.
Common symptoms seen with HIV include fever, chills, sore throat, fatigue, like a cold. In some cases, an individual may have no symptoms at all. Due to the risk of not having any symptoms, it is vital to be educated about the risks of exposure. The three stages are simply named stages one, two, and three. Stage one is mild and feels like you have the flu, but you are highly contagious to others. In stage two you may not have any symptoms at all, and this is where it is important to start medication therapy to prevent any further destruction to the immune system. The longer a person delays treatment the more susceptible they become to bacteria and other viruses. Stage three is the final stage and in this stage, the host develops AIDS, for which there is no treatment or cure. Most people diagnosed with AIDS early enough can get about three years out of life (VanMeter & Hubert, 2018).
Education about how HIV is transmitted is vital to help remain safe when exposure is possible. A few ways HIV can be transmitted include, sexual intercourse, vaginal, oral, anal, regardless of sexual orientation, a pregnant mother can pass the virus to her baby through birth or breastfeeding, and IV drug use CDC, 2021). Drinking and using drugs can significantly decrease the judgment center in the brain and can lead to an individual sharing a needle with a person that may be HIV positive. HIV cannot be transmitted through kissing, non-sexual contact, sharing a toilet seat, or passed on from incents like mosquitoes (CDC, 2021).
References:
• CDC. (2021). About HIV/AIDS | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2020). What are HIV and AIDS? https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/what-are-hiv-and-aids
• VanMeter, K. C., & Hubert, R. J. (2018). Gould’s pathophysiology for the health professions. (6th ed.). Elsevier Saunders.