Assignment: Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement
Individuals, health care organizations, and communities apply different strategies to cope with health problems. Formulating . These policies differ across countries, albeit addressing similar problems. This paper compares policies in the United States and Mexico in addressing childhood obesity.
Part 2: A Plan for Social Change
Social transformation is a deliberate process that focuses on the development and implementation of concepts and actions that advance community progress. Nurse leaders must be advocates for their patients and coworkers. In order to promote patient education and awareness about the COVID-19 vaccination and other important vaccines, especially for children, a nurse leader must have a global perspective (Milstead & Short, 2019). Because of the diversity of the population, many Americans refuse immunizations. The majority, on the other hand, is unaware of the benefits and protection provided by immunizations. Patients are better able to choose and decide when they are adequately informed about vaccines.
Because it encourages individual collaboration in the development of strategies to reduce infectious disease exposure, the incorporation of a global perspective has an impact on my local practice and role as a nurse leader. To reduce exposure and its negative effects, nurse leaders must educate their colleagues and the general public. The policy assists nurse leaders in educating their communities about the value of immunizations.
In addition, as a nurse leader, incorporating a global perspective into local practice motivates me to design interventions that maximize available resources while addressing gaps that limit vaccine uptake. This represents as well as contributes to social progress (Milstead & Short, 2019). Inclusion also necessitates the development of effective measures to reduce exposure among healthcare personnel in a variety of scenarios. Vaccines are critical in the modern era, given the consequences of exposure to newly emerging infectious diseases that must be properly controlled due to their negative effects on populations.
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of active immunization programs that are tailored to specific patient populations and individuals’ needs. As a result of vaccine exemption regulations, health populations are more vulnerable to the negative consequences of newly emerging infectious diseases such as coronavirus disease. The study recommends using a global lens in nursing practice, urging healthcare workers such as nurses to focus on efficient interventions to reduce exposure.
References
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) (2021). COVID-19. https://www.cms.gov/covidvax-provider
Corless, I. B., Nardi, D., Milstead, J. A., Larson, E., Nokes, K. M., Orsega, S., … & Woith, W. (2018). Expanding nursing’s
role in responding to global pandemics 5/14/2018. Nursing outlook, 66(4), 412-415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2018.06.003
Jimenez, S. K. & Gandy, A. (2021). Infographic | Mexico’s Vaccine Supply and Distribution Efforts.
https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/infographic-mexicos-vaccine-supply-and-distribution-efforts
The White House (2021 November 4). Fact Sheet: Biden Administration Announces Details of Two Major Vaccination
Policies. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/04/fact-sheet-biden-administration-announces-details-of-two-major-vaccination-policies/
The White House (2021b September 9). Executive Order on Requiring Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination for Federal
Employees. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/09/09/executive-order-on-requiring-coronavirus-disease-2019-vaccination-for-federal-employees/
World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett
Learning.
Also Check Out:
The Assignment: (1- to 2-page Global Health Comparison Matrix; 1-page Plan for Social Change)
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Assignment: Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement SAMPLE 2
Global Health Comparison Grid Template
The World Health Organization (WHO) has been actively involved in promoting and protecting the health of populations globally. Thus, WHO interventions focus on all areas of the global healthcare spectrum to address global health issues. Global health issues usually necessitate worldwide cooperation in response, planning, prevention, preparedness, and management that display health equity issues among countries (Da Silva Fagundes et al.,2018). The purpose of this paper is to discuss a global health issue and health policies enacted to address the issue in the US versus Australia.
| Global Healthcare Issue |
Access to COVID-19 tests, medicines, and vaccines
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| Description | Any Covid-19 tests, treatments, and vaccines developed should benefit the whole world.
Equitable access to Covid-19 tests, medicines, and vaccines means that: ü They are available to people who need them most. ü They have suitable options for all healthcare settings. ü Safe and effective options are accessed by all groups of people. ü They are affordable to low- and high-income countries alike.
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| Country | United States
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Australia |
| Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue |
Ø The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. · The policy requires group health plans and individual health insurance policies to cover any qualifying COVID-19 preventive service, without cost-sharing. · The policy also adds that COVID-19 tests are to be covered without cost-sharing by private insurance and Medicare, even if that test is yet to receive FDA emergency use authorization (Moss et al., 2020). · Medicaid must also cover COVID tests regardless of whether they are authorized for emergency use by the FDA.
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Ø Australian COVID-19 Vaccination Policy.
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| What are the strengths of this policy? | · The policy expands Medicaid coverage and increases access to COVID-19 tests, treatments, and vaccines to US citizens.
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· The policy supports early access to and delivery of safe and effective COVID-19 treatments and vaccines as soon as they become available (Attwell et al., 2021). |
| What are the weaknesses of this policy? | · The policy does not consider individuals without health insurance or have a provision to increase access to COVID-19 tests, treatments, and vaccines for the uninsured (Moss et al., 2020).
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· The policy requires mandatory vaccination for a majority of occupations and workforces, which is against individuals’ right to autonomy (Attwell et al., 2021). |
| Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples)
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· Individuals with limited access to healthcare due to lack of insurance may lack access to COVID-19 tests, medications, and vaccines.
· Thus, they may experience poor health outcomes due to delayed diagnosis and treatment or lack of vaccination (Paremoer et al., 2021). |
· Individuals with limited access to healthcare due to lack of insurance may lack access to COVID-19 tests, medications, and vaccines (Paremoer et al., 2021).
· Thus, they may experience poor health outcomes due to delayed diagnosis and treatment or lack of vaccination. |
| How has each country government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue? | · The US provides consumer protections on balance billing for COVID-19 tests.
· The government has increased some Medicare payments for treating patients with COVID-19 (Lukens et al., 2022). · It increases access by requiring coverage of any COVID-19 vaccine without cost-sharing.
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· The Australian government has given a directive that charges should not be levied on consumers for COVID-19 immunization (Attwell et al., 2021). |
| How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples) | · The health policy has increased access to healthcare for COVID-19 patients.
· The policy successfully improved access to critical services, prevented coverage loss, increased continuity of coverage, and made coverage more affordable when Americans needed it most.
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· The policy promoted equity in access to COVID-19 treatments and vaccines.
· Thus, the people who needed the vaccines most, such as healthcare workers and vulnerable populations, received the vaccine first. |
| Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of nurse in each country. | · The nurse has the role of ensuring that individuals are tested for COVID-19 and receive appropriate treatments and vaccinations regardless of their insurance status (Da Silva Fagundes et al., 2018).
· Adequate treatment of persons with COVID-19 is essential since it controls the spread of the virus, lowering the number of new cases. |
· The nurse has the role of ensuring that individuals are tested for COVID-19 and receive appropriate treatments and vaccinations regardless of their insurance status (Da Silva Fagundes et al., 2018).
· Adequate treatment of persons with COVID-19 is essential since it controls the spread of the virus, lowering the number of newly infected cases.
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| Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples) | · Global health issues strain local healthcare organizations in the US, leading to poor coordination and delivery of healthcare services.
· Healthcare organizations often encounter challenges in workforce and finances when there are pandemics like the COVID-19 pandemic.
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· Global health issues create a significant financial strain on local health organizations in Australia.
· Many resources are channeled towards managing the adverse effects caused by the health issue, including treatment and rehabilitation. · The state and local governments are forced to create or modify health policies to direct the response to global health issues. |
| General Notes/Comments | · The CARES Act promotes health equity in the access to COVID-19 tests, treatments, and vaccinations since any insurance provides coverage without cost sharing.
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· The COVID-19 vaccine was the best approach to protect the Australian community.
· The policy aimed to promote early access to and delivery of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and treatments for all Australians. |
Part 2: A Plan for Social Change
Access to COVID-19 tests, medicines, and vaccines is one sure way of controlling the COVID-19 spread and fighting the pandemic that has taken the lives of hundreds of thousands globally and left the healthcare systems overwhelmed. Thus, it is crucial for healthcare advocates to direct their advocacy initiatives to ensure health equity and accessibility for tests, treatments, and vaccines for COVID-19. Advocacy initiatives should champion policies that ensure treatments and vaccines are available for all populations regardless of their insurance status, which is the only way to curb the pandemic.
As a nurse leader, I have the role of championing health equity in the COVID-19 vaccination to ensure all individuals access vaccines in the fight against the pandemic. For example, I can take part in developing policies and presenting them to elected legislators to address the challenges faced by individuals in accessing COVID-19 treatment and vaccines. I can propose and champion a policy that provides free treatment and vaccines for all citizens (Da Silva Fagundes et al., 2018). The policy can also include vaccination outreach programs to increase accessibility to vaccines, especially for people living in remote areas with limited transportation options. In addition, I can organize community education programs to educate individuals about COVID-19 vaccines and the importance of getting vaccinated to control the spread of the disease.
Incorporating a global perspective may significantly impact my local practice since there will be increased access to healthcare for the patient populations served, thus resulting in better healthcare outcomes. It will also lower the spread of communicable diseases like COVID-19 infections and reduce the health complications, morbidities, and mortalities associated with these infections, thus reducing related healthcare costs (Da Silva Fagundes et al., 2018). This will promote social change since more people will be aware of approaches to reduce the spread of communicable diseases like vaccination. Thus, they may embrace other vaccinations, like Influenza vaccines which will lower the burden of infectious diseases.
Conclusion
Access to COVID-19 tests, medicines, and vaccines is a global health issue since this plays a key role in curbing the pandemic. Countries have enacted policies to ensure their citizens access tests, treatments, and vaccines, which will promote the control of the virus. The US has the CARES act, which promotes access to COVID-19 treatments and vaccines by requiring insurance providers to cover these services without cost sharing. Australia’s COVID-19 vaccination policy directs all individuals to access vaccines at no cost.
References
Attwell, K., Rizzi, M., McKenzie, L., Carlson, S. J., Roberts, L., Tomkinson, S., & Blyth, C. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine Mandates: An Australian attitudinal study. Vaccine, S0264-410X(21)01530-9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.056
Da Silva Fagundes, L., Frota, O. P., & Silva, E. M. (2018). Nursing practices in vaccination: An integrative review. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 8(8), 128-136. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v8n8p128
Lukens, G., Sullivan, J., & Erzouki, F. (2022). COVID Relief Provisions Stabilized Health Coverage, Improved Access and Affordability. CBPP, March, p. 10.
Moss, K., Wexler, A., Dawson, L., Long, M., Kates, J., Cubanski, J., … & Pollitz, K. (2020). The coronavirus aid, relief, and economic security act: Summary of key health provisions. San Francisco: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
Paremoer, L., Nandi, S., Serag, H., & Baum, F. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic and the social determinants of health. Bmj, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n129
Policy evaluation holds healthcare professionals accountable and gives the opportunity to discover why a process needs improvement and can show the ways a policy is successful. Having evidence-based policies ensures that the most effective care is available and that patient outcomes are improving.
The healthcare program that I have chosen to discuss is the Affordable Care Act (ACA). President Obama enacted the ACA in 2010 and there are 3 primary goals-
- Make affordable healthcare available for more
- Expand the Medicaid program
- Support innovative medical care delivery methods to lower health care costs
Over 20 million Americans and as of 2021 109,847 Kansans have received health insurance coverage from the ACA. Those with preexisting conditions are no longer discriminated against and costs are lowered for the elderly. The ACA must provide coverage to everyone and cannot refuse based on health status. The ACA gives a health insurance option to those of lower economic status and has improved coverage access “These features included federal subsidies to expand eligibility for Medicaid to all Americans with incomes of up to 138 percent of the federal poverty level and large premium subsidies for people with incomes of 100–400 percent of poverty who purchase insurance on the newly created exchanges.” (Griffith, et al., 2017) along with lower prescription costs. That is also the social determinant of health that is impacted by this program- health care and quality and economic stability. Access to healthcare policy assists nurses in being aware of what is changing in healthcare policy in the country and home state.
References
2022 Affordable Care Act Health Insurance Marketplace. Kansas Health Institute. (2022, October 11). Retrieved October 27, 2022, from https://www.khi.org/articles/2022-affordable-care-act-health-insurance-marketplace/
Affordable care act (ACA) – glossary. Glossary | HealthCare.gov. (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2022, from https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/affordable-care-act/
Griffith, K., GA, M., G, P., E, W., Al., E., K, B., JC, S., LE, W., C, H.-E., J, S., SL, D., M, L.-B., R, C., J, B., J, C., H, T., BD, S., JA, B., A, G., … Griffith, K. N. (2017, August 1). The Affordable Care Act reduced socioeconomic disparities in Health Care Access: Health Affairs Journal. Health Affairs. Retrieved October 27, 2022, from https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0083#:~:text=These%20features%20included%20federal%20subsidies,on%20the%20newly%20created%20exchanges.
Samantha Artiga Follow @SArtiga2 on Twitter and Elizabeth Hinton Published: May 10, 2018. (2019, July 9). Beyond health care: The role of Social Determinants in promoting health and health equity. KFF. Retrieved October 27, 2022, from https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/beyond-health-care-the-role-of-social-determinants-in-promoting-health-and-health-equity/
Global Health Comparison Grid Template
Use this document to complete the Module 6 Assessment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement
| Global Healthcare Issue | ||
| Description | ||
| Country | United States
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| Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue | ||
| What are the strengths of this policy? | ||
| What are the weaknesses of this policy? | ||
| Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples) | ||
| How has each country’ government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue? | ||
| How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples) | ||
| Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of nurse in each country. | ||
| Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples) | ||
| General Notes/Comments |
Global Health Comparison
Grid Template
© 2018 Laureate Education Inc. 2
PROFESSIONAL NURSES BECOME IN VOLVED IN POLICY MAKING.
APRNs, and RNs has vital role to play in policy making, that are beneficial to us, and our patients. We are are own advocate, and the well being of our patients. This is the because they are in the best position to come up with relevant strategies on how healthcare services can best be delivered to healthcare seekers ( Ellenbeker et al., 2017).
There is a process for RNs and APRNs opportunity in policy reviews is by a professional organizations, example The American Academy of Nurses Association). Training nurses effectively can influence policy making through in services sessions. Without knowledge of what they may do to ensure that the procedures in place are suitable for them and the patient’s nurses are unable to participate fully in the process of formulation and review policies ( Milstead & Short, 2019)
Training nurses with positive feedback can, and will influence effective strategies to empower professionals in review policy making. Without the knowledge of what they may do to ensure that the procedures in place are suitable for them and the patient’s nurse are unable to participate fully in the process of formulating and reviewing policies (Milstead & Short, 2019).
Challenges that affect RN’s, and APRN’s are limited participation, l lack of adequate skills, little involvement in policy making. Lack of knowledge how to obtain access to resources. Other challenges that we make encounter that some policies by individuals that are not in healthcare.
We can start health care policy education by actively participate as professional individuals, at work, in our communities, nursing schools straight to Capital Hill. After all we are health care. As Oestberg so succinctly points out, “If nurses don’t stand up for issues that are important to us, those with competing interests in healthcare may be the only ones whose voices are heard.”
References:
Ellenbecker, C.H., Fawcett, J., Jones, E.J., Mahoney, D., Rowlands B., & Waddell, A. (2017). A staged approach to educating nurses in health policy. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 18 (1) 44-56.
Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurses guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Chapter 7, ” Health Policy and social Program Evaluation” (pp. 116-124 only)
Oestberg F. Policy and politics: why nurses should get involved. Nursing. 2012;42(12): 46-49.
Name: NURS_6050_Module06_Week11_Assignment_Rubric
| Excellent | Good | Fair | Poor | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global Healthcare Issues and Policies
Part 1: Global Health Comparison Matrix Focusing on the country you selected and the U.S., complete the Global Health Comparison Matrix. Be sure to address the following: • Consider the U.S. national/federal health policies that have been adapted for the global health issue you selected from the WHO global health agenda. Compare these policies to the additional country you selected for study. |
Points Range: 45 (45%) – 50 (50%)
Response provides a clear and accurate explanation of the strengths and weaknesses of policies in the U.S. and another country. Response provides a clear and accurate explanation of how the social determinants of health impact the issue in the U.S. and in another country. Specific examples are provided. Response provides a clear and accurate explanation of how the governments of the two countries address cost, quality, and access related to the issue. Response provides a clear and accurate explanation of how the policy in each of the two countries impacts the health of the global population. Detailed and accurate supporting examples are provided. Response provides a clear and complete explanation of how the policies in each country impact the role of the nurse. Response provides an accurate and detailed explanation of how the global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in each of the two countries. |
Points Range: 40 (40%) – 44 (44%)
Response provides an explanation of the strengths and weaknesses of policies in the U.S. and another country. Response provides an explanation of how the social determinants of health impact the issue in the U.S. and in another country. Specific examples may be provided. Response provides an explanation of how the governments of the two countries address cost, quality, and access related to the issue. Response provides an explanation of how the policy in each of the two countries impacts the health of the global population. Supporting examples may be provided. Response provides an explanation of how the policies in each country impact the role of the nurse. Response provides an explanation of how the global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in each of the two countries. |
Points Range: 35 (35%) – 39 (39%)
Explanation of the strengths and weaknesses of policies in the U.S. and another country is vague or inaccurate. Explanation of how the social determinants of health impact the issue in the U.S. and another country, and/or the examples, are vague or inaccurate. Explanation of how the governments of the two countries address cost, quality, and access related to the issue is vague or inaccurate. Explanation of how the policy in each of the two countries impacts the health of the global population, and/or supporting examples, is vague or inaccurate. Explanation of how the policies in each country impact the role of the nurse is vague or incomplete. Explanation of how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in each of the two countries is vague or inaccurate. |
Points Range: 0 (0%) – 34 (34%)
Explanation of the strengths and weaknesses of policies in the U.S. and another country is vague and inaccurate, or is missing. Explanation of how the social determinants of health impact the issue in the U.S. and in another country, and the examples, are vague and inaccurate, or is missing. Explanation of how the governments of the two countries address cost, quality, and access related to the issue is vague and inaccurate, or is missing. Explanation of how the policy in each of the two countries impacts the global population, and supporting examples, is missing. Explanation of how the policies in each country impact the role of the nurse is vague and inaccurate, or is missing. Explanation of how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries is missing. |
| The Nurse’s Role in Global Healthcare
Part 2: A Plan for Social Change Reflect on the global health policy comparison and analysis you conducted in Part 1 of the Assignment. In a 1-page response, create a plan for social change that incorporates a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader. • Explain how you would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader. • Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact your local practice and role as a nurse leader. • Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice as a nurse leader represents and contributes to social change. Be specific and provide examples. |
Points Range: 32 (32%) – 35 (35%)
Response provides a clear and thorough explanation of how one would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into his/her role as a nurse leader. Response provides a clear and thorough explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact local practice and the role as a nurse leader. Response clearly and thoroughly explains in detail how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens in one’s role as a nurse represents and contributes to social change. Accurate and detailed supporting examples are provided. |
Points Range: 28 (28%) – 31 (31%)
Response provides an explanation of how one would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into his/her role as a nurse leader. Response provides an explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact local practice and the role as a nurse leader. Response explains how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens in one’s role as a nurse represents and contributes to social change. Some supporting examples are provided. |
Points Range: 25 (25%) – 27 (27%)
Explanation of how one would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into his/her role as a nurse leader is vague or incomplete. Explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact local practice and the role as a nurse leader is vague or incomplete. Explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens in one’s role as a nurse represents and contributes to social change, and/or supporting examples provided, are vague or incomplete. |
Points Range: 0 (0%) – 24 (24%)
Explanation of how one would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into his/her role as a nurse leader is vague and incomplete, or is missing. Explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact local practice and the role as a nurse leader is vague and incomplete, or is missing. Explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens in one’s role as a nurse represents and contributes to social change, and/or supporting examples, is missing. |
| Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:
Paragraphs make clear points that support well developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused–neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction is provided which delineates all required criteria. |
Points Range: 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion is provided which delineates all required criteria. |
Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment is stated, yet is brief and not descriptive. |
Points Range: 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%- 79% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment is vague or off topic. |
Points Range: 0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion was provided. |
| Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards:
Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation |
Points Range: 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.
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Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1-2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
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Points Range: 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Contains several (3-4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
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Points Range: 0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.
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| Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. |
Points Range: 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct APA format with no errors.
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Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1-2) APA format errors.
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Points Range: 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Contains several (3-4) APA format errors.
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Points Range: 0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.
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| Total Points: 100 |
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