Discussion: Standard Organizational Patterns,”Discussion: Standard Organizational PatternsDiscussion: Standard Organizational PatternsDiscussion: Standard Organizational PatternsIntegrating Your Supporting Material 171● Working with note cards. If you have written or pasted supporting material on note cards, write each main idea and subpoint on a separate note card of the same size as the ones on which you recorded your supporting material. Next, arrange these note card in the order in which you have organized your speech. As you decide how best to organize your supporting material, you can place each card behind the appropriate main-idea or subpoint card. You will then have on note cards a complete plan for your speech.Regardless of which strategy or combination of strategies you use to place your supporting material in your speech, take care not to lose track of the sources of the supporting material.Organize Your Supporting Material Once you have prepared your supporting material, you are ready to organize it. You may realize that in support of your second main idea you have an illustration, two statistics, and an opinion. In what order should you present these items?You can sometimes use the five standard organizational patterns to arrange your supporting material as you do your main ideas and subpoints. Illustrations, for instance, may be organized chronologically. In the following excerpt from a speech on childhood obesity, the speaker arranges several brief examples in a chronological sequence:I can think of at least three moments in the past half century that dramatically shifted the course of America’s medical and scientific history.The first time came [on] March 26, 1953—when Jonas Salk called a press con- ference to announce the discovery of a polio vaccine.The second time, amazingly, came just four weeks later, when Watson and Crick published their discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.The third time was in 1964, when U.S. Surgeon General Luther Terry courageously reported that cigarette smoking does cause cancer and other deadly diseases. . . .On March 9, 2004, the CDC Director declared that obesity is overtaking smok- ing and tobacco use as the number-one cause of preventable death in America.12At other times, however, none of the five patterns may seem suited to the support- ing materials you have. In those instances, you may need to turn to an organizational strategy more specifically adapted to your supporting materials. These strategies include (1) primacy or recency, (2) specificity, (3) complexity, and (4) “soft” to “hard” evidence.Primacy or Recency We have already discussed how the principles of primacy and recency can determine whether you put material at the beginning or the end of your speech. These patterns are used so frequently to arrange supporting materials that we mention them again here.Suppose that you have several statistics to support a main point. All are relevant and significant, but one is especially gripping. American Cancer Society CEO John Seffrin showed images of and described the following brief examples of international tobacco advertising:The effort to build brand loyalty begins early. Here is an example of that in Africa—a young man wearing a hat with a cigarette brand logo. . . .Look at this innocent baby wearing a giant Marlboro logo on his shirt. . . . Notice how this ad links smoking to American values that are attractive to third-world kids—wealth, sophistication, and urbanity. It also shows African Americans living the American Dream. If you’re a poor kid in Africa, this image can be very powerful.You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker

failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

• The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

  Discussion Questions (DQ)

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