Assignment: Crimes on University,”Assignment: Crimes on UniversityAssignment: Crimes on UniversityAssignment: Crimes on UniversityPURPOSE STATEMENT: At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to list and explain three ways in which crimes on university campuses can be reduced.CENTRAL IDEA: Crimes on university campuses can be reduced by implementing three safety measures.← ←problem-solution organization Organization focused on a problem and its various solutions or on a solution and the problems it would solve168 CHAPTER 7 Organizing Your SpeechMAIN IDEAS: I. (Problem): Crimes against both persons and property have increased dramatically on col- lege campuses over the last few years.II. (Solution): Crimes could be reduced by stricter enforcement of the Student Right to Know and Campus Security Acts.III. (Solution): Crimes could be reduced by as- signing student identification numbers that are different from students’ Social Security numbers.IV. (Solution): Crimes could be reduced by con- verting campus buildings to an integrated se- curity system requiring key cards for admittance.10If your audience knows about an action or program that has been implemented but does not know the reasons for its implementation, you might select instead a so- lution-problem pattern of organization. In the following example, the speaker knows that her listeners are already aware of a new business-school partnership pro- gram in their community but believes that they may be unclear about why it has been established:PURPOSE STATEMENT: At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to explain how business-school partnership programs can help solve two of the major prob- lems facing our public schools today.CENTRAL IDEA: Business-school partnership programs can help alleviate at least two of the problems faced by public schools today.If your speech is about the prob- lem of oil spills from deep water drilling operations, you could organize your main ideas in a problem-solution pattern, with a description of the problem as your first main point and potential solutions in your later points. [Photo: Cheryl Casey/Shutterstock]Organizing Your Main Ideas 169MAIN IDEAS: I. (Solution): In a business-school partnership, local businesses provide volunteers, financial support, and in-kind contributions to public schools.II. (Problem): Many public schools can no longer af- ford special programs and fine-arts programs.III. (Problem): Many public schools have no resources to fund enrichment materials and opportunities.Note that in both of the preceding examples, the main ideas are natural divisions of the central idea.Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Organization Although the five patterns just discussed are typical of the way speakers in the United States are expected to organize and process information, they are not necessarily typi- cal of all cultures.11 In fact, each culture teaches its members patterns of thought and organization that are considered appropriate for various occasions and audiences. On the whole, U.S. speakers tend to be more linear and direct than speakers from Semitic, Asian, Romance, or Russian cultures. Semitic speakers support their main points by pursuing tangents that might seem “off topic” to many U.S. speakers. Asians may only allude to a main point through a circuitous route of illustration and parable. And speakers from Romance and Russian cultures tend to begin with a basic principle and then move to facts and illustrations that they only gradually connect to a main point. The models in Figure 7.2 illustrate these culturally diverse patterns of organization.Of course, these are very broad generalizations. But as an audience member who recognizes the existence of cultural differences, you can better appreciate and under- stand the organization of a speaker from a culture other than your own.You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker

failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

• The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

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