Assignment: Sleep Deprivation Article Summary

A summary on the article attached. No more than 4-5 pages. Identify the specific method or analysis used in the article. In this summary, there should be a thorough examination of the purpose of the study, research question(s), methodology, results, and conclusion. Provide a critical evaluation of the paper. Discuss if it is quantitative or qualitative research.

International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 2017 VOL. 22, NO. 3, 337–348 https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2016.1181557 OPEN ACCESS The young and the restless: Socializing trumps sleep, fear of missing out, and technological distractions in first-year college students Sue K. Adams, Desireé N. Williford, Annemarie Vaccaro, Tiffani S. Kisler, Alyssa Francis and Barbara Newman Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA ABSTRACT College students are a sleep-deprived population, with first-year students facing a number of specific challenges to sleep. As students transition into and through the first year of college, sleep may be sacrificed for a variety of reasons. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen first-year students, exploring factors that impacted sleep during the first semester of college. Study participants identified three unique but related themes that impacted their sleep: socializing trumps sleep; fear of missing out; and social/ technological distractions. Implications are provided for balancing social, academic and biological demands in emerging adulthood. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 21 March 2016 Accepted 19 April 2016 KEYWORDS Sleep; college; transition; technology; social; fear of missing out College students, specifically first-year students, are extremely sleep deprived, with approximately 25% of students reporting less than six hours of sleep per night (Lund, Reider, Whiting, & Prichard, 2010).

This statistic is alarming given that the average 18-year-old requires approximately 8.5 h of sleep for optimal functioning (National Sleep Foundation, 2013). Sleep deprivation is a troubling phenomenon because it negatively impacts the individual across all domains of functioning, including academic, social, physical and emotional functioning. For instance, sleep deprivation can lead to negative outcomes such as impaired memory, decreased mood, decreased stress management, and impaired immune response (Curcio, Ferrara, & De Gennaro, 2006; Hill, 1994; Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998). While there is a growing body of literature about sleep during adolescence (e.g. Sadeh, Dahl, Shahar, & Rosenblat-Stein, 2009), there is limited research about sleep for first-year students during the initial semester at college – a time when sleep settings/environments (e.g. home versus residence hall) and patterns might change drastically. Moreover, almost no research has relied on qualitative data (e.g. student narratives) to highlight the ways students themselves describe the influences on their sleep, or lack thereof. This study begins to fill that gap. Literature review The first year of college is a time filled with experimentation of how to handle newfound autonomy over the self (Arnett, 2000). Most high-schoolers have some degree of parental oversight when it comes to sleep patterns and making sure they are going to bed at a reasonable time. After beginning college, however, most students must adjust to their newfound autonomy regarding their schedules, as well CONTACT Sue K. Adams suekadams@uri.edu © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 338 S. K. Adams et al. as balancing increasing social and academic demands in an environment with less externally imposed structure. There are a number of factors that may impact a student’s ability to get enough sleep during the first year of college, including a fear of missing out (FoMO), environmental stimuli, and technology. Fear of missing out Several psychosocial factors contribute to sleep problems in adolescents, including the desire to stay up late to engage in social activities, self-determined bed times, and easy access to a vast range of stimulating activities (Dahl & Lewin, 2002).

The latter may be particularly problematic in college residence halls, where individuals are constantly surrounded by others, and therefore are more likely to engage in social activities that may impact sleep schedules (Dahl & Lewin, 2002). One emerging construct that impacts the ability to set

boundaries around sleep is termed the ‘FoMO’. FoMO is defined as a pervasive apprehension that a more exciting or interesting event is taking place elsewhere (Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan, & Gladwell, 2013). Preliminary research exploring the prevalence of FoMO found nearly three-quarters of young adults reported they experienced the phenomenon (Alt, 2015). Przybylski et al. (2013) found FoMO is associated with greater Facebook use, and those high in FoMO were more likely to use Facebook immediately after waking in the morning and before falling asleep at night, which may impact the time it takes to fall asleep along with the quality of sleep. The generation of students currently enrolled in college is oftentimes characterized as possessing highly developed skills in information technology and multitasking (Alt, 2015). Such skills enable individuals to remain socially connected while engaged in independent work. Previous research has described this generation as focused on social interaction and connectedness with others through mobile phones, chat-rooms and email while simultaneously engaged in other tasks such as video games, listening to music and watching television (McMahon & Pospisil, 2005). Moreover, Pempek, Yermolayeva, and Calvert (2009) found 50% of their undergraduate sample used Facebook to communicate with friends not on campus (i.e. old friends and friends at other schools). Aside from social media use, Dahl and colleagues (2002) suggest social stresses; including fear, anxiety and emotional arousal interfere with the ability to fall asleep during adolescence. During adolescence factors associated with FoMO, such as rumination, stress and worry are likely to affect the time it takes to fall asleep as cognitive components related to the ability to fall asleep are changing (Dahl & Lewin, 2002). According to Chickering and Reisser (1993) emerging adults engage in seven developmental tasks during the collegiate years. While attempting to develop mature interpersonal relationships, emerging adults must be able to create equitable relationships based upon honesty, respect and equity. Chickering and Reisser (1993, p. 48) also argue ‘development means more in-depth sharing and less clinging, more acceptance of flaws and appreciation of assets, more selectivity in choosing nurturing relationships, and more long-lasting relationships that endure crises, distance, and separation’. As emerging adults continue to develop mature interpersonal relationships, they would likely experience less fear that they are missing important social events during times of separation.

Environmental stimuli Environmental stimuli can also impact sleep throughout the first semester as students adjust to a new living environment. For example, in their sample of 1125 college students living in residence halls, Lund et al. (2010) found excess noise accounted for 33% of the responses when participants were asked ‘How often have you had trouble sleeping because of other reason(s)?’ Following closely behind, stress accounted for 35% of the responses. Sharing a bedroom with others (7%) and talking with friends (6%) were also commonly cited as reasons for disrupted sleep. This finding is supported by research suggesting constant contact with peers often interferes with going to bed at a healthy bed time (Dahl & Lewin, 2002). Additionally, when asked ‘if your sleep is at all compromised, to what one factor do you most strongly attribute this?’ 17% of respondents explained light or noise most strongly influenced sleep; 8% of respondents suggested light or noise most interfered with initiating International Journal of Adolescence and Youth  339 sleep. Similarly, Gellis and colleagues (2014) found students with higher levels of insomnia were more likely to engage in arousing behaviours near bedtime, report uncomfortable sleeping arrangements (including a noisy room) and engage in an improper sleep schedule – likely a result of residence hall living, social priorities, and newfound freedom.

Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

Welcome to class

Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.

Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

• Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
• There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
• Include in-text citations in your response
• Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
• Follow APA-7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

• A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
• Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
• Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
• Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
• Follow APA 7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

• Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
• Here are some helpful links
• The is a great resource